Topics:

• geography of snow and ice; climates of Antarctica and Greenland
• physical chemistry of ice and water
• formation of ice crystals in clouds
• thermal properties of snow and ice
• snow metamorphism
• sea-ice formation and structure; growth and melt of sea ice
• interaction of solar and infrared radiation with snow and sea ice
• remote sensing of snow and sea ice
• colors of ice and snow
• effects of wind on snow
• snow surface energy budget
• glacier mass balance
• “marine ice” on ice shelves
• Snowball Earth
• suncups on melting snow; snow spikes on tropical mountains
• recent changes in sea ice, glaciers, and ice sheets